What does "chauvinism" refer to?

The term "chauvinism" specifically refers to an attitude of superiority, typically implicating one gender viewed as superior to another, often manifesting itself in a disdainful manner towards the opposite sex. This concept is rooted in a traditional notion where one sex, usually male, feels entitled to privileges and superiority over the female gender, leading to discrimination or bias. The other choices do not accurately reflect the meaning of "chauvinism." For instance, a pigment in plants relates to botany rather than attitudes or beliefs about gender. An unhealthy body image pertains to perceptions of one's physical appearance, which is unrelated to the sociopolitical concept of chauvinism. Similarly, a method of scoring involves evaluation techniques or systems that have no connection to gender relations.